Most Frequent Schemes — Enthymeme Detection & Proposition Generation

The following schemes are the argumentation patterns most frequently observed in the dataset. Each entry shows the abstract logical form followed by an annotated example drawn from the data. In each example, the implicit element — the proposition requiring annotation — is highlighted in orange. Explicit premises appear in green and conclusions in blue.

In the abstract forms, single-letter tokens such as A, G, P, X stand for schematic variables and are printed in italics.

5.1 Argument from Values / Moral Judgment

Abstract Form

P1	Action A violates moral principle P
P2	Agent X performed action A
Conclusion	Therefore, Agent X acted wrongly / should be condemned

Example

"But you can mandate a fucking useless vaccine and strip me of my rights??? you should go to jail."

P1[IMPLICIT] Mandating useless vaccines and stripping rights is morally wrong

P2You mandated a useless vaccine and stripped me of my rights

ConclusionYou are acting wrongly / should be condemned

5.2 Argument from Inconsistent Commitment

Abstract Form

P1	Agent A now claims / supports principle P
P2	Agent A previously violated or denied principle P
P3	Previously violating P while now claiming P is hypocritical
Conclusion	Therefore, Agent A is hypocritical / inconsistent

Example

"Where was 'the right to make the best decisions for your health' when your administration was compelling pregnant women to take experimental vaccines, hypocrite?"

P1Agent A now claims the right to make health decisions is important

P2Agent A previously compelled pregnant women to take experimental vaccines

P3[IMPLICIT] Forcing experimental vaccines violates the right to make health decisions

ConclusionAgent A is hypocritical

5.3 Argument from False Claim

Abstract Form

P1	Actor A claims that X causes or signals Y
P2	X does not cause or signal Y; the connection is false
Conclusion	Therefore, Actor A is misleading or manipulating the audience

Example

"The anti-vaccine movement is gaslighting the population by suggesting wide teaching CPR and widespread availability of AEDs is somehow linked to the dangers of vaccinations."

P1The anti-vaccine movement claims CPR/AED availability is linked to vaccine dangers

P2[IMPLICIT] There is no link between CPR/AEDs and vaccine dangers

ConclusionThe anti-vaccine movement is gaslighting the population

5.4 Argument from Consequences

Abstract Form

P1	Party P supports policies X
P2	Policies X are harmful to group G
Conclusion	Therefore, Party P has abandoned / harmed group G

Example

"@UKLabour have completely abandoned the working class. A vote for #labour is a vote for: open borders, depressed wages, votes for migrants, an NHS open to the entire world."

P1Labour supports: open borders, depressed wages, votes for migrants, NHS open to the world

P2[IMPLICIT] These policies are harmful to the working class

ConclusionLabour has abandoned the working class

5.5 Argument from Sign / Classification

Abstract Form

P1	Category C exhibits characteristics X
P2	Agent A exhibits characteristics X
Conclusion	Therefore, Agent A belongs to / is acting like category C

Example

"When your country turns communist and the 'authorities' lie to you and force you to take a 'vaccine' — State operated communist Twitter does this to silence truth."

P1[IMPLICIT] Communist states lie, force medical interventions, and silence dissent

P2Current authorities lie, force vaccines, and silence dissent (via Twitter)

ConclusionYour country has turned communist

5.6 Argument from Means to Goal

Abstract Form

P1	Goal G is good / necessary
P2	Action A promotes or achieves G
Conclusion	Therefore, action A is good / necessary

Example

"The UK needs to end mass immigration and become self-sufficient in skills."

P1The UK needs to become self-sufficient in skills

P2[IMPLICIT] Ending mass immigration helps the UK become self-sufficient in skills

ConclusionThe UK needs to end mass immigration

5.7 Argument from Evaluation / Standards

Abstract Form

P1	Standard S requires condition C for X to be acceptable
P2	X does not meet condition C
Conclusion	Therefore, X is unacceptable / should not be trusted

Example

"Believe in traditional vaccines after they have been tried and tested for 7-10 yrs. Do not believe in gene-therapy rolled out experimentally WITHOUT Informed consent."

P1[IMPLICIT] You should only trust vaccines tested for 7-10 years

P2This vaccine has not been tested for 7-10 years; it is experimental

ConclusionDo not believe in this vaccine

5.8 Argument from Substitution

Abstract Form

P1	We have Y (substitute)
P2	Y produces the same effect as X
Conclusion	Therefore, you do not need X

Example

"Who needs access to abortions when you have the vaccines?!"

P1You have the vaccines

P2[IMPLICIT] Vaccines cause the same outcome as abortions (infertility/miscarriage)

ConclusionYou do not need access to abortions (sarcasm)

5.9 Argument from Danger

Abstract Form

P1	If Agent A can perform harmful action X, then A cannot be trusted / must be stopped
P2	Agent A can perform harmful action X
Conclusion	Therefore, Agent A cannot be trusted / must be stopped

Example

"Medical system: whom can be fully trusted today? Unethical doctors, DENTISTS, agents and police can insert a chip into you with a handshake! With injections, vaccines, any operations, a nano-sized chip can be put in a person's body for entire life!"

P1[IMPLICIT] If medical professionals can implant chips in people, they cannot be trusted

P2Doctors, dentists, and agents can insert chips via handshakes, injections, and vaccines

ConclusionThe medical system cannot be fully trusted

Most Frequent Argumentation Schemes

Overview